11 January -The Karluk, the flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition sank in 1914

 

On 11 January 1914, the Karluk, the flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sank after being crushed by ice in the Arctic Ocean. The vessel, a former whaling ship, had been repurposed for the ambitious expedition led by Vilhjalmur Stefansson, which aimed to explore uncharted regions of the Arctic and conduct scientific research.

The Karluk became trapped in the ice in August 1913, only a few weeks into the expedition, off the northern coast of Alaska. As the ice floes drifted, the ship was carried westward, eventually succumbing to the crushing pressure of the pack ice. The sinking marked the beginning of a harrowing ordeal for the crew and scientists aboard.

After the ship sank, the group was stranded on the ice and faced extreme hardships, including freezing temperatures, scarce food supplies, and treacherous conditions. Captain Robert Bartlett, the ship’s leader, demonstrated remarkable courage and leadership. He set out on an arduous 700-mile journey with an Inuit guide to seek help. His efforts eventually led to the rescue of the surviving crew members in September 1914.

The tragedy of the Karluk remains a sobering chapter in the history of Arctic exploration, highlighting both the dangers of polar expeditions and the resilience of those who endure them.

27 December - Charles Darwin set sail aboard the HMS Beagle on a voyage to understand life on Earth

 

On 27 December 1831, Charles Darwin set sail aboard the HMS Beagle on a voyage that would profoundly impact the scientific understanding of life on Earth. The expedition, led by Captain Robert FitzRoy, was intended to chart the coastlines of South America and collect geological, biological, and hydrographical data. At just 22 years old, Darwin joined the crew as a naturalist, tasked with studying the natural history of the regions visited.

Over the nearly five-year journey, the Beagle visited locations such as the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the Galápagos Islands, among others. Darwin meticulously recorded his observations of the diverse flora, fauna, and geological formations. His time in the Galápagos Islands proved especially significant, as he noted variations in species, such as finches and tortoises, across different islands. These observations laid the groundwork for his theory of evolution by natural selection.

The voyage also exposed Darwin to the effects of natural forces such as earthquakes and volcanic activity, reinforcing his interest in geology. The extensive specimens and notes he collected became the foundation for his later work, including his seminal book On the Origin of Species (1859), which revolutionized biology and challenged contemporary views on creation. The Beagle journey remains one of the most famous scientific expeditions in history, demonstrating the profound impact of exploration and observation on scientific discovery.

INS Godavari decommissioned on 23 December 2015

 

INS Godavari (F20) is a guided-missile frigate that served in the Indian Navy. It is the lead ship of the Godavari-class of frigates. Here are some key details about INS Godavari:

1. Commissioning: INS Godavari was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 10 December  1983.

2. Class: Godavari-class frigate.

3. Displacement: The Godavari-class frigates have a displacement of around 3,850 tons.

4. Length: Approximately 126 meters.

5. Propulsion: INS Godavari is powered by a combined gas and gas (COGAG) propulsion system, which includes gas turbines and diesel engines.

6. Weaponry: The frigate is equipped with various weapons, including anti-ship missiles, anti-submarine torpedoes, anti-aircraft guns, and surface-to-air missiles.

7. Sensors and Electronics: INS Godavari is equipped with radar systems, sonar, and other sensor suites to enhance its surveillance and detection capabilities.

8. Service: INS Godavari served in the Indian Navy for several decades. Over time, as the Indian Navy modernizes its fleet, older vessels like INS Godavari  was decommissioned on 23 December 2015

"Kurenos" – a vessel of Lithuanian maritime history

 

"Kurenos" refers to a traditional flat-bottomed wooden fishing boat used in Lithuania, particularly in the Curonian Lagoon. These vessels are an iconic part of Lithuanian maritime heritage and were used by fishermen for centuries to navigate the shallow waters of the lagoon.

Key Features of Kurenos Boats:

1. Flat-Bottomed Design:

   • Ideal for the shallow and calm waters of the Curonian Lagoon.
   • Allowed easy navigation close to the shore.

2. Construction:

   • Made of wood, often oak, and built with traditional methods passed down through generations.

3. Usage:

   • Primarily used for fishing and transporting goods.
   • Equipped with sails and sometimes oars for propulsion.

4. Symbolism:

   • Represent a unique aspect of the cultural identity of the Curonian Spit and the lagoon communities.
   • Often decorated with traditional motifs or designs, reflecting local artistic traditions.

Historical and Cultural Significance:

• Economic Role:
  The boats were essential to the livelihood of fishing communities along the Curonian Lagoon.

• Cultural Heritage:
  The Kurenos boats are closely tied to the traditions and folklore of the region. Efforts have been made to preserve their history and promote awareness of their importance.

• Preservation:
  While modern fishing methods have replaced traditional boats in many cases, replicas of Kurenos vessels are maintained as cultural artifacts. They are often displayed in museums or used in cultural events celebrating Lithuania's maritime history.

The Kurenos vessels are a testament to the ingenuity and traditions of the Lithuanian people, showcasing their connection to the Curonian Lagoon and its unique ecosystem.

10 October - RMS Leinster is torpedoed and sunk by UB-123

 

On 10 October 1918, the RMS Leinster, a mail and passenger ship operated by the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company, was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UB-123 in the Irish Sea. This tragic event occurred during the final weeks of World War I, and it resulted in the loss of 564 lives, marking it as the worst maritime disaster ever recorded in the Irish Sea.

The RMS Leinster was on a routine voyage from Dublin to Holyhead, carrying civilians, military personnel, and mail. The war had made such crossings increasingly dangerous, as German U-boats patrolled the waters around Britain and Ireland. Despite this threat, the ship set sail on the morning of October 10, with over 700 passengers and crew on board.

As the Leinster approached the Welsh coast, UB-123, commanded by Oberleutnant Robert Ramm, fired three torpedoes at the ship. Two of them hit their target, causing catastrophic damage. The first struck the postal compartment, and the second hit the engine room. The ship sank rapidly, leaving many of the passengers and crew little time to escape. Despite efforts to launch lifeboats and assist survivors, the cold waters of the Irish Sea claimed hundreds of lives.

Of the approximately 771 people on board, only about 213 survived. The disaster was a devastating blow to both Ireland and Britain, with the majority of the victims being Irish civilians, British and Irish servicemen, and postal workers. The loss of the RMS Leinster came at a time when peace was on the horizon, with the Armistice of World War I just weeks away.

The sinking of the RMS Leinster is remembered as a significant wartime tragedy, and memorials have been erected in both Dublin and Holyhead to honor the lives lost. The disaster also highlighted the widespread devastation caused by unrestricted submarine warfare during the war, which targeted both military and civilian vessels indiscriminately.

30 September - INS Shalki, India's first indigenously built submarine, launched in Bombay.

 

INS Shalki, India's first indigenously built submarine, was launched on September 30, 1990, in Bombay (now Mumbai). It marked a significant milestone in India's defense capabilities and its indigenous submarine-building program.

Background:

INS Shalki was built by the Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai as part of the Indian Navy's project to develop submarines with indigenous technology.

The submarine is a Type 209/Type 1500 class submarine, designed for anti-submarine warfare, reconnaissance, and other naval operations.

Significance:

The launch of INS Shalki was a major achievement for India's defense sector, showcasing the country's growing capabilities in naval engineering and technology.

It represented a step towards self-reliance in defense production, which has been a key objective for India, especially in the wake of various geopolitical challenges.

INS Shalki, along with its sister submarines, played a crucial role in enhancing the operational capabilities of the Indian Navy.

Further Developments:

After its launch, INS Shalki underwent trials and commissioning processes before being officially inducted into the Indian Navy.

The successful launch of INS Shalki laid the groundwork for future indigenous submarine projects, including more advanced submarines like the Scorpène-class submarines.

INS Shalki remains an important part of India's naval history, reflecting the nation's commitment to developing its defense manufacturing capabilities

21 September - The Pamir was shipwrecked and sank off the Azores during Hurricane Carrie

 

The Pamir was a steel-hulled four-masted barque, originally launched in 1905 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany. As one of the famous "Flying P-Liners" of the shipping company F. Laeisz, Pamir spent much of her early career transporting nitrate and other goods between Europe and South America.

History and Significance:

• Construction: Pamir was built with advanced technology for its time, combining traditional sail power with a modern steel hull, which made it sturdier than wooden ships.
• Commercial Use: She was primarily used in the South American nitrate trade, a valuable commodity for fertilizer and explosives, and also carried grain and other goods during her career.
• World War II: During the war, Pamir was seized by New Zealand and used as a cargo ship under the British flag, carrying war supplies.
• Return to Germany: After World War II, Pamir was returned to Germany and refitted to continue in commercial service, although she had also started to be used for training merchant marine cadets.

The Final Voyage:

On her final journey, Pamir departed from Buenos Aires on 10 August 1957, with a cargo of 3,780 tons of barley, bound for Hamburg. The ship was part of a dying breed of windjammers, large sailing ships that had been overtaken by motorized vessels in commercial shipping. By the 1950s, Pamir and a few others like her were being used as training vessels for cadets and trainees in seamanship.

The Disaster:

• On 21 September 1957, Pamir encountered Hurricane Carrie in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 600 nautical miles west of the Azores.
• The cargo of barley, which had been improperly secured, shifted during the storm, causing the ship to list heavily.
• Efforts to balance the ship failed, and the heavy tilt made it impossible to manage the sails or pumps effectively. The ship eventually capsized and sank within 30 minutes.

Distress Calls and Rescue Attempts:

• A distress signal was sent, and several rescue ships, including the American vessels USS Gearing and SS Saxon, responded.
• The storm made rescue operations difficult, and it took three days for help to arrive at the scene.
• Of the 86 crew members, including 52 cadets, only six survivors were found clinging to a lifeboat after three days at sea. The rest perished in the disaster.

Aftermath and Legacy:

The sinking of Pamir had a profound impact on maritime training and safety regulations. Investigations into the disaster revealed that the cargo had been poorly stowed and that there were not enough experienced sailors aboard to properly handle the ship during the storm. As a result, the event led to changes in the rules governing the operation of sail training ships, including better stowage practices and stricter regulations regarding crew competency.

The Pamir remains a symbol of the end of the era of large commercial sailing ships and is remembered in Germany with memorials and commemorative events. Her sinking was a national tragedy, and it still resonates within the maritime community today.